The principle of jurisdiction based on the subject and object of nationality is one of the indicators of criminal jurisdiction. Accordingly، it is probable that criminal jurisdiction claims of two coastal STATE and FLAG STATE will be based on the nationality of each one in the single case. The case of the Enrica Lexie ship is also in the same position with claims of piracy countering. However، interpretation of each of the parties is different from the provisions of the Seas Convention on the Law of the Sea about Maritime Areas. The contiguous zone is the boundary between the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone. However، the Convention's literature shows that the contiguous zone is part of the exclusive economic zone and follows the regulations governing this area. Therefore، the coastal STATE does not have the right to exercise criminal jurisdiction under domestic law. The coastal government should be limited to exercising specific affaires of administrative and supervisory sovereignty in contiguous zone. Prosecution of crimes، even the deliberate murder in a maritime incident، with the idea of fighting piracy in the contiguous zone within the jurisdiction of the FLAG STATE.

Nationality is a legal component of the ship's operation in international shipping which is granted by the FLAG STATE and the ship is granted the nationality by flying the FLAG of the FLAG STATE. There is a fundamental resemblance between granting nationality to ships and granting nationality to the natural persons by a STATE. On the matter of granting nationality to a natural person, there should be a genuine link between the granting STATEs and the receiving person. In case of a lack of a genuine link between the STATE and person, other STATEs may refuse to recognize the nationality given by a STATE on the basis of the judgment of the International Court of Justice. A great majority of the ships operating in international shipping lack a genuine link with their FLAG STATEs amounting to a lack of jurisdiction and effective control on the ship by the FLAG STATE and violation of the international regulations by such ships. This paper examines the possibility of applying the genuine link doctrine on the shipping industry and the possibility of the other STATEs refusing to recognize the nationality granted to the ship by the FLAG STATEs in the case of lack of a genuine link between them.

Illegal performance of the FLAGship is one of the issues discussed in the Convention on the Law of the Sea, for which the guarantee is not enforced. Nevertheless, the capacity of the legal principles and international environmental instruments and the jurisprudence of international authorities is pivotal. Judicial procedure of international authorities also rely on the ‘ precautionary principle’ and ‘ Due Regard’ of the FLAG STATE. The guarantee of cooperation between FLAG STATE and FLAGship with coastal STATE and the regional fisheries organizations is considered as shared obligations and responsibilities of the parties. However, this approach is a kind of pledge done that is not accompanied by a guarantee of liability for the compensation to the coastal STATE. However, the coastal STATE's approach to the denial of the credibility and reputation of the FLAG STATE for the illegal operation of its ship is only a guarantee in order to prevent repetition of similar cases in the future.

Epitope tagging is a method of expressing proteins whereby an epitope for a specific monoclonal antibody is fused to a target protein using recombinant DNA techniques. The aim of this study was to sub-clone the peroxisomal protein (PEP) cDNA into a mammalian expression vector leading to the formation of a chimeric PEP-cDNA containing the FLAG epitope. The FLAG-PEP recombinant cDNA was constructed using the method of splicing by overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (SOE PCR) and inserted into the pUcD2SRaMCSHyg eukaryotic expression vector. To investigate the intracellular localization of the PEP protein that was linked to the FLAG tandem, the constructed plasmid was used for transient transfection of the Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The CHO cells that were transfected with the recombinant plasmid showed peroxisomal localization of FLAG-PEP as was previously shown for catalase.

Illegal fisheries are one of the reasons for disruption of combination of the seas fisheries, their significant reduction and loss of food security. Therefore, mechanisms have been devised to prevent the depletion and destruction of the seas fisheries. On the one hand, an Exclusive Economic Zone has been created, and the Coastal STATE has been given the authority to manage and protect its living resources. On the other hand, the FLAG STATE has been given exercise of jurisdiction in fisheries matters over ship flying its FLAG in the in the Exclusive Economic Zone and the High Seas. But the combination of the two, for some reason and another, faces mutual limitations that have led to their inefficiency. Meanwhile, the Regional Fisheries Management Organization’ s theory of monitoring does not address the responsibility of the Coastal STATE and the FLAG STATE with specific mechanisms in this regard. Therefore, examining the competence and obligations of the Coastal STATE and the FLAG STATE in the field of illegal fisheries and the Regional Fisheries Management Organization’ s monitoring components are one of the goals and topics of this manuscript to answer related questions. First, what are the reasons for the inefficiency of the competencies and obligations of the Coastal STATE and the FLAG STATE in connection with illegal fisheries? Secondly, what is the role and components of the supervision of the Regional Fisheries Management Organization in this area and the reason for its inefficiency? The research findings show that the exercise of the sovereign rights of the Coastal STATE in the Exclusive Economic Zone interferes with the right to freedom of navigation and freedom of fishing of foreign ships and the authority of the FLAG STATE in matters over ship flying its FLAG. The Coastal STATE invokes domestic law and executive discretion, but is still subject to the restrictions set out in the UNCLOS, which applies to foreign ships and its FLAG STATE. The Regional Fisheries Management Organization’ s monitoring over the performance of the Coastal STATE and the FLAG STATE in connection with illegal fisheries is insufficient, despite the fact that it faces executive restrictions. However, the prospect of a tripartite cooperation between the Coastal STATE, the FLAG STATE and the Regional Fisheries Management Organization of the promising to overcome this situation.

Peroxisomes are single membrane eukaryotic organelles that perform variable functions depending on the tissue, the developmental stage or environmental conditions. Peroxisomal matrix proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and targeted to peroxisomes by virtue of a peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS). One of the peroxisomal matrix proteins-Peroxisomal Protein (PEP)-has shown different pattern of expression in mouse embryo in various tissues, but the reason is unclear. PEP-cDNA was sub-cloned in pGEX-6p-2 prokaryotic expression vector in order to label this gene with GST to purify PEP protein for further biochemical analysis and identifying related proteins later. PEP-cDNA was inserted downstream of FLAG gene and then inserted in pUcD2SRMCSHyg eukaryotic expression vector to express tagged-PEP protein for transient transfection analysis and identifying localization of PEP protein. Our results clearly demonstrated that PEP and FLAG-PEP were inserted into the vectors appropriately and they were free from mutation.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: International obligations of the FLAG STATE for the unauthorized utilization of its FLAG Ship from the marine resources of the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Coastal STATE or the High Sea is one of the new issues in the Area of international responsibility law. At the same time, in accordance with the provisions of the Draft STATE Responsibility, the FLAG STATE has international liability for violations of its FLAG Ship. However, this theory fails due to the non-compliance of some of the international liability requirements in the Area of the law of the sea. Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical and critical, has innovations and comparative achievements. An examination of the various dimensions of this situation is intended to answer a question in this article which is important. The main question of the research is what are the international obligations of the FLAG STATE in the utilization of the High Sea and the Exclusive Economic Zone? Findings: Research findings show that the FLAG STATE is obliged for ensuring that it FLAG Ship cooperates with the Coastal STATE about the Exclusive Economic Zone’s management and conservation programs. In addition, the FLAG STATE has to collaborate with the Coastal STATE and the Regional Fisheries Organizations to maintain marine living resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone and the High Sea. Conclusion: Unauthorized exploitation of aquatic resources is carried out by natural and legal persons. These persons are subject to Article 62(4) of the Convention on the Law of the Sea, which stipulates that national of other STATEs must take the necessary measures to protect natural resources in accordance with the laws and regulations of the Coastal STATE in order to exploit fish in the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Coastal STATE or the High Seas. In these circumstances, the conduct of natural and legal persons is contrary to the regulations under the jurisdiction of the FLAG STATE does not attributed to that STATE. The FLAG STATE is not responsible for the illegal actions of the FLAG Ship in the illegal exploitation of fish in the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Coastal STATE or the High Seas. At the same time, the obligations of the FLAG STATE to oblige the ship carrying its FLAG to comply with international regulations do not create liability for the illegal actions of the said ship, but this method of regulation is also not conducive to the development of relations between the Coastal STATEs and other STATEs in the exploitation of their surplus sea resources. This is because the FLAG STATE is not responsible for compensating the damage caused by the FLAG Ship under the above conditions. This inference is supported by the application of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea’s advisory theory, which implies a lack of absolute responsibility for the FLAG STATE under these circumstances, and the entire responsibility lies with the offending ship, the master and the ship owner, assuming non-compliance with fishing regulations. Therefore, the Coastal STATE or the Regional Fisheries Organization can in this case sue the master responsibility or the owner of the ship for not complying with the requirements related to fishing in the exclusive economic zone.

Background: There is a strong interest in tick-borne diseases worldwide due to their negative impact on both human and animal health. Epidemiological studies of tick-borne diseases depend on reliable data on tick population dynamics and activity patterns. Such data are essentially based on tick sampling in the field. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of cloth type on the efficiency of field sampling by the FLAGging technique. Methods: The impact of cloth type on the efficiency of field sampling by the FLAGging technique was investigated by comparing tick sampling yields of two different fabrics, the Munich type (MUC) vs. the Oxford type (OX), based on 30 pairs of transect lines. Data analysis included classical statistics and computer modelling. Results: The MUC FLAG yielded nearly five times more larval ticks than the OX FLAG, whereas the differences in yields for nymphs and adult ticks were not statistically significant based on classical statistics. Conclusion: The FLAG made of MUC type fabric, thanks to its tight and relatively flat texture, facilitates detection and collection of ticks from its surface. The OX FLAG, due to its loose texture, is unsuitable for the quantitative sampling of larval Ixodes ricinus.